When beginning a new project, several things should be considered as you determine the scope: wildlife and vegetation enhancement, soil stabilization, instream habitat improvements, floodwater storage, nutrient, and chemical capture, and, last but not least, budget. Obviously, this is not an exhaustive list because we cannot guess every land manager’s objectives, but it does give you a glimpse into considerations for larger scale restorations. For this article, let’s focus on one consideration, vegetation.
Vegetation seems to be easy on its face value, right? But it is a bit more complicated than simply restoring to native vegetation. You could also say I want to create or restore an ecosystem to pre-settlement conditions. Realize it took Mother Nature thousands of years to develop that complex prairie system or mature oak savanna. Remember it took us hundreds of years in most cases to sully these majestic systems into a degraded shadow of their former selves. It will likely take somewhere between those two timelines to get it back.
Likewise, realize that today’s environment is different from our forefathers so we will have to make educated guesses of what may be functional in conditions today and in the future. We can get back to a vibrant functional ecosystem, but it will take some planning, elbow grease and time. But most importantly, realize that we cannot create complex and functional ecosystems; we are merely sowing the seeds for Mother Nature to work her magic.
Usually, a good place to start is to determine your site’s ecologically beneficial attributes and save and enhance those. An example would be a remnant plant community, a native seed bank, or even consider that a Eurasian meadow may be providing structure for grassland bird nesting. Look at historic aerials to see if you may have remnant woodland or wetland by viewing land use over time; you may have a true gem in the rough. If your site has beneficial attributes, protect and enhance those qualities above all else. In these cases, avoid unnecessarily aggressive tactics such as the wholesale killing of the vegetation, broadcast tilling or mass grading. Rather, bolstering the existing ecosystem through overseeding, planting, controlled burning, and selective weed management are some of the most effective measures. Remember you’re bringing nature back so let it breathe. It will take some time, but coaxing a dilapidated remnant back from the brink can be very rewarding once you turn the corner.
In recreating a natural area from the ground up, such as a recently active agricultural field or manicured turf, you have a bit more latitude and responsibility in guiding the outcome. Set the goal of the site: Is it grassland bird habitat with open fields and short grass prairie, stream bank stabilization with sedge’s tight roots to lock up the soil and defend against invasive species, or pollinator habitat with season-long bloom time and grasses to restore soil organics and regulate temperature and moisture for conservative insects? Don’t forget the basics. Yours could be as simple as pure habitat recreation.
A common thread between remnant restoration and natural area recreation are ecosystem threats. These threats could be erosion, nutrient loading, hydrological alteration, or invasive species, anything that will lay waste to your natural area. These threats must be recognized and addressed upfront with impunity; if you don’t they will ruin your new partnership with Mother Nature like no other. How to address these can depend on the severity of a threat, your management ethic, budget, ability and commitment, timeline and many other considerations. Whatever your methodology, ensure an ongoing monitoring and management effort is initiated. As the old saying goes, a stitch in time saves nine.
Another common thread is the ever-intimidating species list and plant selection. A properly selected ecosystem species list can provide the building blocks for a resilient and thriving ecosystem, and even be a cornerstone species to an entire ecosystem such as an oak in oak woodlands. In large-scale restorations, we typically are attempting to mimic an ecosystem or mimic functions that a thriving ecosystem provides. So, before you start, find a remnant community to reference, one that you would like to emulate. Go to it, observe and get a feel for what you are trying to accomplish. At a minimum, look at the structure and composition of the plant species and again look at its historic aerials for context. Many professionals even fail at this elementary planning step and they base their recreation project on a human created native landscape when we really need to seek inspiration from Mother Nature’s master planning.
If you do not have a remnant readily available or you would like some additional guidance, certain books contain an awe-inspiring amount of information (i.e. Wilhelm, G. & Rericha, L. (2017) Flora of the Chicago Region. A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis). One of the things I find most interesting and helpful in these books are identified as plant associates, groupings of plant species that are commonly found together in nature. These are the initial building blocks for your species list and an excellent check against an off-the-shelf mix if you have nothing else or no one else to draw from.
The goal of native landscaping or larger scale restoration is the same: stitching our worn and torn ecosystem patchwork blanket back together. To that end, these are design considerations, a launching point into your restoration endeavor, not a be all and end all. More importantly, learn from nature itself, sit in it for long periods to see, fee and listen to Mother Nature; there’s no better learnin' than that. Have fun in your research; meet up with your local native plant geeks and restoration nerd groups, tell stories over libations, and borrow some ideas too. Put all that love into your small (or larger) piece of heaven on earth. And lastly, consider permanently saving your gem by placing a conservation easement on it through a local conservation agency.
One major component of restoration is native seed coupled with the correct know how. If you are looking for the best ways to establish native seed, take a look at Best Management Practices for Establishing Native Seed. If you are looking for native seed or further information for ecological restoration consulting services please consider us. I have over 15 years in large-scale restoration experience throughout the Midwest in various habitats. Native plants also are a major consideration in wetland planting and augmenting upland areas.